Isizukulwana seLaser

Isizukulwana seLaser
Ukuveliswa kwee-laser kwacetywa nguEinstein ngo-1916 ngengcamango yakhe "yokukhupha okuzenzekelayo nokukhuthazwayo". Le ngcamango yakha isiseko esibonakalayo seenkqubo ze-laser zanamhlanje. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwee-photon kunye nee-athomu kunokukhokelela kwiinkqubo ezintathu zotshintsho: ukufunxwa okukhuthazwayo, ukukhupha okuzenzekelayo, kunye nokukhupha okukhuthazwayo. Logama nje ukukhupha okukhuthazwayo kunokugcinwa kwaye kuzinzile, ii-laser zinokufunyanwa. Ke ngoko, izixhobo ezikhethekileyo - ii-laser - kufuneka zenziwe. Ukwakhiwa kwe-laser ngokubanzi kwenziwa ngamacandelo amathathu aphambili: into esebenzayo, isixhobo sokuvuselela, kunye ne-optical resonator.

1. Into esebenzayo

Into ekwilaser enokuvelisa ukukhanya kwelaser ibizwa ngokuba yinto esebenzayo. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, ukusasazwa kwamanani e-athomu kwinto nganye kwinqanaba lamandla kukusasazwa okuqhelekileyo. Inani lee-athomu kwinqanaba lamandla asezantsi lihlala likhulu kunelo likwinqanaba lamandla aphezulu. Ke ngoko, xa ukukhanya kudlula kwimeko eqhelekileyo yento ekhanyayo, inkqubo yokufunxa iyalawula, kwaye ukukhanya kuhlala kubuthathaka. Ukwenza ukukhanya kuqiniswe emva kokudlula kwinto ekhanyayo kwaye kufezekiswe ukwandiswa kokukhanya, kuyimfuneko ukwenza ukukhutshwa okukhuthazwayo kulawule. Ukwenza inani lee-athomu kwinqanaba lamandla aphezulu libe likhulu kunelo likwinqanaba lamandla asezantsi, olu sasazo luchasene nokusasazwa okuqhelekileyo kwaye lubizwa ngokuba yi-particle number inversion.
2. Isixhobo Sokuvusa
Umsebenzi wesixhobo sokuvuselela kukuvusa iiathom ezikwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla, okwenza ukuba into esebenzayo ifikelele ekuguqulweni kwenani leenxalenye. Amanqanaba amandla ento aquka imeko yomhlaba kunye nemeko yokuvuselela, kunye nemeko yokuvuselela. Imeko yokuvuselela ayizinzanga kangako kunemeko yomhlaba, kodwa izinzile kakhulu kunemeko yokuvuselela. Ngokuthe ngqo, iiathom zinokuhlala zikwimeko yokuvuselela ixesha elide. Umzekelo, ii-chromium ions (Cr3+) kwi-ruby zinemeko yokuvuselela ixesha elide elinobomi obuyi-10-3 seconds. Emva kokuba into esebenzayo ivukile kwaye ifikelele ekuguqulweni kwenani leenxalenye, ekuqaleni, ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusasazwa kwee-photon ezikhutshwa yimitha ezenzekelayo, ii-photon zemitha ezivuselelweyo nazo zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusasazwa, kwaye kukho ilahleko ezininzi kwimveliso kunye nokufunxwa; imveliso ye-laser ezinzileyo ayinakuveliswa. Ukuze imitha evuselelweyo iqhubeke ikhona kumthamo omncinci wento esebenzayo, kufuneka i-optical resonator ukuze kufezekiswe ukhetho kunye nokwandiswa kokukhanya.
3. I-Optical Resonator
Zizipili ezimbini ezibonisa ukukhanya ezifakelwe kuzo zombini iziphelo zento esebenzayo, zithe nkqo kwi-axis ephambili. Isiphelo esinye sisipili esibonakalisa ukukhanya (esinesantya sokubonisa ukukhanya se-100%), kwaye esinye isiphelo sisipili esibonakalayo kancinci nesibonakalisa ukukhanya kancinci (esinesantya sokubonisa ukukhanya se-90% ukuya kwi-99%).
Imisebenzi ye-resonator yile: ① ukuvelisa nokugcina i-optical amplification; ② ukukhetha indlela yokukhanya okuphumayo; ③ ukukhetha ubude bokukhanya okuphumayo. Kwinto ethile esebenzayo, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, ubude bokukhanya okuphumayo abufani, kwaye i-spectrum inobubanzi obuthile. I-resonator inokudlala indima yokukhetha amaza, okwenza i-monochromaticity ye-laser ibe ngcono.