Iklasi ye-TW attosecond X-ray pulse laser

Iklasi ye-TW attosecond X-ray pulse laser
Attosecond X-reyiipulse laserngamandla aphezulu kunye nobude obufutshane be-pulse ngundoqo wokufezekisa i-spectroscopy ye-ultrafast nonlinear kunye ne-X-ray diffraction imaging. Iqela lophando eUnited States lasebenzisa i-cascade yamanqanaba amabiniI-X-reyi yee-electron lasers zasimahlaukuvelisa i-discrete attosecond pulses. Xa kuthelekiswa neengxelo ezikhoyo, umyinge we-peak power of pulses unyuswe ngomyalelo wobukhulu, amandla aphezulu aphezulu yi-1.1 TW, kwaye amandla aphakathi angaphezulu kwe-100 μJ. Uphononongo lukwabonelela ngobungqina obunamandla bokuziphatha kwe-soliton-efana ne-superradiation kwintsimi ye-X-ray.Iilaser zamandla aphezulubaye baqhuba iindawo ezininzi ezintsha zophando, kuquka i-high-field physics, i-attosecond spectroscopy, kunye ne-laser particle accelerators. Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zeelaser, iiX-reyi zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuxilongo lwezonyango, ukufumanisa iziphene zamashishini, ukuhlolwa kokhuseleko kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi. I-X-ray yasimahla ye-electron laser (XFEL) inokunyusa amandla e-X-reyi encopho ngemiyalelo emininzi yobukhulu xa kuthelekiswa nobunye ubugcisa bokuvelisa i-X-reyi, ngaloo ndlela yandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-X-reyi kwintsimi ye-spectroscopy engangqalanga kunye ne-single- i-particle diffraction imaging apho kufuneka amandla aphezulu. I-attosecond ye-XFEL ephumeleleyo yakutsha nje yimpumelelo enkulu kwi-attosecond yesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe, ukwandisa amandla akhoyo akhoyo ngama-odolo angaphezu kwamathandathu obungakanani xa kuthelekiswa nemithombo ye-X-reyi ye-benchtop.

Iilaser ze-electron zamahhalainokufumana amandla e-pulse imiyalelo emininzi yobukhulu obuphezulu kunenqanaba lokukhupha ngokukhawuleza usebenzisa ukungazinzi okuhlangeneyo, okubangelwa ukusebenzelana okuqhubekayo kwintsimi ye-radiation kwi-relativistic electron beam kunye ne-oscillator magnetic. Kuluhlu olunzima lwe-X-ray (malunga ne-0.01 nm ukuya kwi-0.1 nm wavelength), i-FEL iphunyezwa ngokunyanzeliswa kwe-bundle kunye ne-post-saturation coning techniques. Kuluhlu lwe-X-reyi ethambileyo (malunga ne-0.1 nm ukuya kwi-10 nm wavelength), i-FEL iphunyezwa ngeteknoloji ye-cascade fresh-slice. Kutshanje, ii-attosecond pulses ezinamandla aphezulu e-100 GW ziye zaxelwa ukuba ziveliswe kusetyenziswa indlela ephuculweyo yokukhutshwa kwe-self-amplified spontaneous emission (ESASE).

Iqela lophando lisebenzise inkqubo yokukhulisa amanqanaba amabini esekelwe kwi-XFEL ukukhulisa i-X-ray ethambileyo ye-attosecond pulse output evela kwi-linac coherent.umthombo wokukhanyakwinqanaba le-TW, umyalelo wophuculo olukhulu kuneziphumo ezixeliweyo. Ukuseta umfuniselo kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Ngokusekelwe kwindlela ye-ESASE, i-photocathode emitter imodulated ukuze ifumane i-electron beam ene-spike ephezulu yangoku, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-attosecond X-ray pulses. I-pulse yokuqala ifumaneka kumda wangaphambili we-spike ye-electron beam, njengoko kuboniswe kwikona eliphezulu lasekhohlo loMzobo 1. Xa i-XFEL ifikelela kwi-saturation, i-electron beam ilibazisekile ngokubhekiselele kwi-X-ray nge-compressor magnetic. kwaye ke i-pulse isebenzisana ne-electron beam (isilayi esitsha) esingaguqulwanga yi-ESASE modulation okanye i-FEL laser. Ekugqibeleni, i-undulator yesibini yamagnetic isetyenziselwa ukukhulisa ngakumbi i-X-ray ngokusebenzisa i-attosecond pulses kunye nesilayi esitsha.

IKHIWANE. Umzobo wesixhobo esi-1 sovavanyo; Umzekeliso ubonisa indawo yesigaba se-longitudinal (ixesha-umzobo wamandla we-electron, eluhlaza), iphrofayili yangoku (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), kunye nemitha eveliswa yi-amplification yokuqala (imfusa). I-XTCAV, i-X-band transverse cavity; I-cVMI, inkqubo ye-coaxial ekhawulezayo yokujonga imephu; FZP, Fresnel band plate spectrometer

Zonke ii-attosecond pulses zakhiwe kwingxolo, ngoko ke i-pulse nganye ineempawu ezahlukeneyo ze-spectral kunye ne-time-domain, apho abaphandi baphonononga ngokubanzi. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-spectra, basebenzise i-spectrometer ye-Fresnel band plate ukulinganisa i-spectra ye-pulses nganye kubude obulinganayo obulinganayo be-undulator, kwaye bafumanisa ukuba le mbonakalo igcina iifom zamaza ezigudileyo nasemva kolwandiso lwesibini, ebonisa ukuba i-pulses yahlala i-unimodal. Kwi-domain yexesha, i-angular fringe iyalinganiswa kwaye i-time domain waveform ye-pulse ibonakalisiwe. Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 1, i-X-ray pulse ihlanganiswe ne-circularly polarized laser pulse. I-photoelectrons i-ionized yi-X-ray pulse iya kuvelisa i-streaks kwicala elichasene ne-vector potential of laser infrared. Ngenxa yokuba intsimi yombane ye-laser ijikeleza kunye nexesha, ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-photoelectron kuchongwa lixesha lokukhutshwa kwe-electron, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwendlela ye-angular yexesha lokukhutshwa kunye nokusabalalisa ngokukhawuleza kwe-photoelectron. Ukuhanjiswa kwesantya se-photoelectron kulinganiswa kusetyenziswa i-coaxial ekhawulezayo yokujonga imaging spectrometer. Ngokusekwe kunikezelo kunye neziphumo ze-spectral, i-time-domain waveform ye-attosecond pulses inokwakhiwa kwakhona. Umzobo we-2 (a) ubonisa ukuhanjiswa kwexesha le-pulse, kunye ne-median ye-440 njenge. Ekugqibeleni, i-detector yokubeka iliso yegesi yayisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amandla e-pulse, kwaye isicwangciso sokusabalalisa phakathi kwamandla aphezulu kunye nobude be-pulse njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 2 (b) kubalwe. Ulungelelwaniso oluthathu luhambelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokugxininisa i-electron beam, iimeko ze-waver coning kunye neemeko zokulibaziseka kwemagnethi. Ulungelelwaniso oluthathu luvelise i-avareji yamandla epulse ye-150, 200, kunye ne-260 µJ, ngokulandelelana, ngamandla aphezulu encopho ye-1.1 TW.

Umzobo 2. (a) Ukusasazwa kwe-histogram yesiqingatha sobude Ububanzi obugcweleyo (FWHM) ubude bexesha lokubetha; (b) Iploti yokuchithachitha ehambelana namandla aphezulu kunye nobude bexesha lokubetha kwentliziyo

Ukongeza, uphononongo luphinde lwaqaphela okokuqala isenzeko se-soliton-efana ne-superemission kwibhendi ye-X-ray, ebonakala ngathi yi-pulse eqhubekayo yokunciphisa ngexesha lokukhulisa. Kubangelwa ukusebenzisana okunamandla phakathi kwee-electron kunye ne-radiation, kunye namandla adluliselwa ngokukhawuleza kwi-electron ukuya kwintloko ye-X-ray pulse kwaye abuyele kwi-electron esuka kumsila we-pulse. Ngophononongo olunzulu lwesi siganeko, kulindeleke ukuba iipulse ze-X-reyi ezinobude obufutshane kunye namandla aphezulu encopho zinokuqondwa ngakumbi ngokwandisa inkqubo yokukhulisa i-superradiation kunye nokuthatha ithuba lokunciphisa i-pulse ngendlela efana ne-soliton.