I-laser ye-X-ray ye-attosecond yeklasi ye-TW

I-laser ye-X-ray ye-attosecond yeklasi ye-TW
I-X-reyi ye-Attosecondi-pulse laserngamandla aphezulu kunye nexesha elifutshane lokubetha kwentliziyo zezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufezekiseni i-ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy kunye ne-X-ray diffraction imaging. Iqela lophando e-United States lisebenzise uluhlu lwezigaba ezimbini.Iilaser ze-electron ezingenayo i-X-rayukukhupha ii-pulse ze-attosecond ezicacileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa neengxelo ezikhoyo, amandla aphakathi e-peak e-pulses anyuswa ngomyalelo wobukhulu, amandla aphezulu e-peak yi-1.1 TW, kwaye amandla aphakathi angaphezu kwe-100 μJ. Olu phononongo lukwabonelela ngobungqina obuqinileyo bokuziphatha kwe-soliton-like superradiation kwintsimi ye-X-ray.Iileser ezinamandla aphezuluziye zaqhuba iindawo ezininzi ezintsha zophando, kuquka ifiziksi yentsimi ephezulu, i-attosecond spectroscopy, kunye ne-laser particle accelerators. Phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zeelaser, ii-X-rays zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuxilongweni kwezonyango, ekufumaneni iziphene kwimizi-mveliso, ekuhlolweni kokhuseleko kunye nophando lwesayensi. I-X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) inokunyusa amandla e-X-ray aphezulu ngee-odolo ezininzi zobukhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iitekhnoloji zokuvelisa ii-X-ray, ngaloo ndlela yandisa ukusetyenziswa kwee-X-ray kwicandelo le-nonlinear spectroscopy kunye ne-single-particle diffraction imaging apho kufuneka khona amandla aphezulu. I-attosecond XFEL ephumeleleyo kutshanje yimpumelelo enkulu kwisayensi netekhnoloji ye-attosecond, yonyusa amandla e-peak afumanekayo ngee-odolo ezingaphezu kwezintandathu zobukhulu xa kuthelekiswa nemithombo ye-X-ray ebekwe phezulu.

Iileser ze-electron zasimahlainokufumana amandla e-pulse oda ezininzi eziphezulu kunezinga lokukhupha okuzenzekelayo kusetyenziswa ukungazinzi kweqela, okubangelwa kukunxibelelana okuqhubekayo kwentsimi yemitha kwi-relativistic electron beam kunye ne-magnetic oscillator. Kuluhlu lwe-X-ray enzima (malunga ne-0.01 nm ukuya kwi-0.1 nm wavelength), i-FEL ifezekiswa ngeendlela zoxinzelelo lwe-bundle kunye neendlela zokudibanisa emva kokugcwala. Kuluhlu lwe-X-ray ethambileyo (malunga ne-0.1 nm ukuya kwi-10 nm wavelength), i-FEL isetyenziswa ngetekhnoloji ye-cascade fresh-slice. Kutshanje, ii-attosecond pulses ezinamandla aphezulu e-100 GW ziye zaxelwa ukuba ziveliswa kusetyenziswa indlela ye-enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission (ESASE).

Iqela lophando lisebenzise inkqubo yokukhulisa amandla enamanqanaba amabini esekelwe kwi-XFEL ukukhulisa imveliso ye-X-ray ethambileyo ye-attosecond pulse evela kwi-linac coherent.umthombo wokukhanyaukuya kwinqanaba le-TW, ulandelelwano lophuculo olukhulu kuneziphumo ezixeliweyo. Useto lovavanyo luboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Ngokusekelwe kwindlela ye-ESASE, i-photocathode emitter ihlengahlengiswa ukuze ifumane umqadi we-electron one-spike ephezulu yamandla, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ii-pulses ze-attosecond X-ray. I-pulse yokuqala ikwicala elingaphambili le-spike ye-electron beam, njengoko kubonisiwe kwikona ephezulu ekhohlo yoMfanekiso 1. Xa i-XFEL ifikelela kwi-saturation, umqadi we-electron uyalibaziseka xa kuthelekiswa ne-X-ray yi-magnetic compressor, kwaye emva koko i-pulse isebenzisana ne-electron beam (isilayi esitsha) esingatshintshwanga yi-ESASE modulation okanye i-FEL laser. Okokugqibela, i-unulator yesibini ye-magnetic isetyenziselwa ukwandisa ngakumbi ii-X-ray ngokusebenzisana kwee-attosecond pulses kunye nesilayi esitsha.

UMZOBO 1 Umzobo wesixhobo sovavanyo; Lo mfanekiso ubonisa indawo yesigaba sobude (umzobo wexesha-amandla we-electron, oluhlaza), iprofayili yangoku (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka), kunye nemitha eveliswa kukwandiswa kwe-first-order (purple). I-XTCAV, i-X-band transverse cavity; i-cVMI, inkqubo yokubonisa imaphu ekhawulezayo ye-coaxial; I-FZP, i-Fresnel band plate spectrometer

Zonke ii-attosecond pulses zakhiwe ngengxolo, ngoko ke i-pulse nganye ineempawu ezahlukeneyo ze-spectral kunye ne-time-domain, nto leyo abaphandi abayihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha. Ngokuphathelele ii-spectra, basebenzise i-Fresnel band plate spectrometer ukulinganisa ii-spectra zee-pulses ngazinye kubude obahlukeneyo be-undulator, kwaye bafumanisa ukuba ezi spectra zigcina ii-waveforms ezigudileyo nasemva kokwandiswa kwesibini, okubonisa ukuba ii-pulses zihlala zi-unimodal. Kwi-time domain, i-angular fringe iyalinganiswa kwaye i-time domain waveform ye-pulse iyachazwa. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, i-X-ray pulse igqunywe yi-infrared laser pulse ejikelezayo. Ii-photoelectrons ezi-ionized yi-X-ray pulse ziya kuvelisa imicu kwicala elichasene ne-vector potential ye-infrared laser. Ngenxa yokuba intsimi yombane ye-laser ijikeleza ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukusasazwa kwe-momentum ye-photoelectron kugqitywa lixesha lokukhutshwa kwe-electron, kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-angular mode yexesha lokukhutshwa kunye nokusasazwa kwe-momentum ye-photoelectron busekwe. Ukusasazwa komfutho we-photoelectron kulinganiswa kusetyenziswa i-coaxial fast mapping imaging spectrometer. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zokusasazwa kunye ne-spectral, i-time-domain waveform yee-attosecond pulses inokwakhiwa kwakhona. Umfanekiso 2 (a) ubonisa ukusasazwa kwexesha lokubetha kwentliziyo, kunye ne-median ye-440 njenge. Okokugqibela, isixhobo sokujonga igesi sisetyenzisiwe ukulinganisa amandla okubetha kwentliziyo, kwaye i-scatter plot phakathi kwamandla okubetha kwentliziyo kunye nexesha lokubetha kwentliziyo njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2 (b) yabalwa. Ezi zicwangciso zintathu zihambelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo zokugxila kwe-electron beam, iimeko ze-waver coning kunye neemeko zokulibaziseka kwe-magnetic compressor. Ezi zicwangciso zintathu zivelise amandla okubetha kwentliziyo aphakathi kwe-150, 200, kunye ne-260 µJ, ngokwahlukeneyo, ngamandla aphezulu okubetha kwentliziyo ayi-1.1 TW.

Umfanekiso 2. (a) I-histogram yokusasazwa kobude besiqingatha sobude be-pulse yobubanzi obupheleleyo (FWHM); (b) Iploti ye-scatter ehambelana namandla e-peak kunye nobude be-pulse

Ukongeza, olu phononongo lukwabone okokuqala into yokuba i-soliton-like superemission ibonakale kwi-X-ray band, ebonakala njengokunciphisa okuqhubekayo kwe-pulse ngexesha lokukhulisa. Ibangelwa kukunxibelelana okunamandla phakathi kwee-electron kunye ne-radiation, apho amandla adluliselwa ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwi-electron ukuya entlokweni ye-X-ray pulse aze abuyele kwi-electron esuka emsileni we-pulse. Ngophando olunzulu lwale nto, kulindeleke ukuba ii-X-ray pulses ezinexesha elifutshane kunye namandla aphezulu e-peak zinokufezekiswa ngakumbi ngokwandisa inkqubo yokukhulisa i-superradiation kunye nokusebenzisa ithuba lokuncitshiswa kwe-pulse kwimo efana ne-soliton.