Ii-Optocouplers, ezidibanisa iisekethe zisebenzisa imiqondiso ye-optical njengesixhobo, zizinto ezisebenzayo kwiindawo apho ukuchaneka okuphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu, njenge-acoustics, amayeza kunye nemizi-mveliso, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo okuphezulu kunye nokuthembeka, njengokuqina kunye nokukhusela.
Kodwa i-optocoupler isebenza nini kwaye phantsi kwaziphi iimeko, kwaye yintoni umgaqo osemva kwayo? Okanye xa usebenzisa i-photocoupler kumsebenzi wakho we-elektroniki, usenokungazi ukuba ungayikhetha kwaye uyisebenzise njani. Kuba i-optocoupler idla ngokubhidaniswa ne-"phototransistor" kunye ne-"photodiode". Ke ngoko, yintoni i-photocoupler eza kwaziswa kweli nqaku.
Yintoni i-photocoupler?
I-optocoupler yinxalenye ye-elektroniki enentsingiselo ebonakalayo
i-coupler, ethetha “ukudibanisa nokukhanya.” Ngamanye amaxesha ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-optocoupler, i-optical isolator, i-optical insulation, njl. Iqulathe into ekhupha ukukhanya kunye ne-light receiving element, kwaye idibanisa i-input side circuit kunye ne-output side circuit nge-optical signal. Akukho nxibelelwano lombane phakathi kwezi circuits, ngamanye amazwi, kwimeko ye-insulation. Ke ngoko, unxibelelwano lwesekethe phakathi kwe-input kunye ne-output lwahlukile kwaye yisignali kuphela edluliselwayo. Qhagamshela ii-circuits ngokukhuselekileyo ezinamazinga ahlukeneyo kakhulu e-input kunye ne-output voltage, kunye ne-insulation ephezulu ye-voltage phakathi kwe-input kunye ne-output.
Ukongeza, ngokudlulisa okanye ukuvala esi siginali yokukhanya, isebenza njengeswitshi. Umgaqo oneenkcukacha kunye nendlela yokusebenza iya kuchazwa kamva, kodwa into ekhupha ukukhanya kwi-photocoupler yi-LED (i-diode ekhupha ukukhanya).
Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1960 ukuya koo-1970, xa kwaqanjwa ii-led kwaye inkqubela phambili yazo kwezobuchwepheshe yayibalulekile,i-optoelectronicsyaba yinkqubela phambili. Ngelo xesha, iintlobo ngeentloboizixhobo ezibonakalayozaqanjwa, kwaye isixhobo sokudibanisa ii-photoelectric sasingomnye wazo. Emva koko, ii-optoelectronics zangena ngokukhawuleza ebomini bethu.
① Umgaqo/indlela yokusebenza
Umgaqo we-optocoupler kukuba into ekhupha ukukhanya iguqula isignali yombane engenayo ibe kukukhanya, kwaye into efumana ukukhanya idlulisela isignali yombane ebuyela umva kwisisekethe esisecaleni semveliso. Into ekhupha ukukhanya kunye nento efumana ukukhanya zingaphakathi kwebhloko yokukhanya kwangaphandle, kwaye zombini zichasene ukuze zidlulise ukukhanya.
I-semiconductor esetyenziswa kwizinto ezikhupha ukukhanya yi-LED (i-diode ekhupha ukukhanya). Kwelinye icala, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-semiconductors ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezifumana ukukhanya, kuxhomekeke kwindawo yokusetyenziswa, ubungakanani bangaphandle, ixabiso, njl.njl., kodwa ngokubanzi, eyona isetyenziswa kakhulu yi-phototransistor.
Xa zingasebenzi, ii-phototransistors azinawo amandla amaninzi ombane afana nalawo enziwa zii-semiconductors eziqhelekileyo. Xa ukukhanya kwenzeka apho, i-phototransistor ivelisa amandla e-photoelectromotive kumphezulu we-semiconductor ye-P-type kunye ne-N-type semiconductor, imingxunya kwi-semiconductor ye-N-type ingena kummandla we-p, i-electron semiconductor ekhululekileyo kummandla we-p ingena kummandla we-n, kwaye umbane uya kuhamba.
Ii-Phototransistors aziphenduli njengee-photodiode, kodwa zikwanomphumo wokwandisa isiphumo ukuya kumakhulu ukuya kwi-1,000 yesignali yokufaka (ngenxa yentsimi yombane yangaphakathi). Ke ngoko, zinovakalelo olwaneleyo lokubona nemiqondiso ebuthathaka, nto leyo eyinzuzo.
Enyanisweni, "isithinteli sokukhanya" esisibonayo sisixhobo se-elektroniki esinomgaqo kunye nendlela efanayo.
Nangona kunjalo, iziphazamisi zokukhanya zihlala zisetyenziswa njengeenzwa kwaye zenza indima yazo ngokudlulisa into ethintela ukukhanya phakathi kwento ekhupha ukukhanya kunye nento efumana ukukhanya. Umzekelo, ingasetyenziselwa ukubona iingqekembe kunye nemali yamaphepha kwiimatshini zokuthengisa kunye nee-ATM.
② Iimpawu
Ekubeni i-optocoupler idlulisela imiqondiso ngokukhanya, ubushushu phakathi kwecala lokufaka kunye necala lokukhupha luphawu oluphambili. Ubushushu obuphezulu abuchaphazeleki lula yingxolo, kodwa bukwathintela ukuhamba kombane ngengozi phakathi kweesekethe ezikufutshane, nto leyo esebenza kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko. Kwaye isakhiwo ngokwaso silula kwaye sifanelekile.
Ngenxa yembali yayo ende, uluhlu lweemveliso ezityebileyo zabavelisi abahlukeneyo lukwaluncedo olukhethekileyo lwee-optocouplers. Ngenxa yokuba akukho kuthintana ngokomzimba, ukuguguleka phakathi kwamalungu kuncinci, kwaye ubomi bude. Kwelinye icala, kukwakho neempawu zokuba ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhanya kulula ukutshintshatshintsha, kuba i-LED iya kuhla kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye notshintsho lobushushu.
Ingakumbi xa icandelo langaphakathi leplastiki ecacileyo ixesha elide, liba namafu, alinakuba likhanya kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba kunjalo, ubomi bude kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa noqhagamshelwano loqhagamshelwano lomatshini.
Ii-Phototransistors zihlala zicotha kunee-photodiode, ngoko ke azisetyenziselwa unxibelelwano olukhawulezayo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuyongxaki, njengoko ezinye izinto zineesekethe zokukhulisa amandla kwicala lemveliso yokunyusa isantya. Enyanisweni, ayizizo zonke iisekethe ze-elektroniki ekufuneka zonyuse isantya.
③ Ukusetyenziswa
Izihlanganisi ze-Photoelectriczisetyenziswa kakhulu ekutshintsheni. Isekethe iya kunikwa amandla ngokuvula iswitshi, kodwa ngokwembono yeempawu ezingasentla, ingakumbi ubushushu kunye nobomi obude, ifanelekile kwiimeko ezifuna ukuthembeka okuphezulu. Umzekelo, ingxolo lutshaba lwezixhobo ze-elektroniki zonyango kunye nezixhobo zesandi/izixhobo zonxibelelwano.
Ikwasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuqhuba iimoto. Isizathu sale moto kukuba isantya silawulwa yi-inverter xa iqhutywa, kodwa ivelisa ingxolo ngenxa yemveliso ephezulu. Le ngxolo ayizukubangela ukuba imoto ngokwayo ingasebenzi, kodwa ikwahamba "emhlabeni" ichaphazela izinto ezisetyenziswayo. Ngokukodwa, izixhobo ezineentambo ezinde kulula ukuzibamba le ngxolo iphezulu, ngoko ke ukuba yenzeka kumzi-mveliso, iya kubangela ilahleko ezinkulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ibangele iingozi ezinkulu. Ngokusebenzisa ii-optocouplers ezigqunywe kakhulu xa kutshintshwa, impembelelo kwezinye iisekethe kunye nezixhobo ingancitshiswa.
Okwesibini, indlela yokukhetha nokusebenzisa ii-optocouplers
Uyisebenzisa njani i-optocoupler efanelekileyo xa uyisebenzisa kuyilo lwemveliso? Iinjineli zophuhliso lwe-microcontroller ezilandelayo ziza kuchaza indlela yokukhetha nokusebenzisa ii-optocouplers.
① Soloko ivuliwe kwaye ivaliwe
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zee-photocouplers: uhlobo apho iswitshi icinyiwe (icinyiwe) xa kungekho voltage isetyenziswayo, uhlobo apho iswitshi ivulwa (icinyiwe) xa kusetyenziswa i-voltage, kunye nohlobo apho iswitshi ivulwa xa kungekho voltage. Faka kwaye ucime xa kusetyenziswa i-voltage.
Eyokuqala ibizwa ngokuba yi-open eqhelekileyo, kwaye eyesibini ibizwa ngokuba yi-closed eqhelekileyo. Indlela yokukhetha, kuqala ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwesekethe oyifunayo.
② Jonga i-output current kunye ne-voltage esetyenzisiweyo
Ii-photocouplers zineempawu zokwandisa isignali, kodwa azidluli rhoqo kwi-voltage kunye nomsinga ngokuthanda kwazo. Kakade ke, zilinganisiwe, kodwa i-voltage kufuneka isetyenziswe kwicala lokufaka ngokwe-output current oyifunayo.
Ukuba sijonga iphepha ledatha yemveliso, singabona itshathi apho i-axis ethe nkqo ingumbane wemveliso (umsinga wokuqokelela) kwaye i-axis ethe tye yi-voltage yokufaka (umbane we-collector-emitter). Umsinga wokuqokelela uyahluka ngokwe-LED light intensity, ngoko ke sebenzisa i-voltage ngokwe-output current oyifunayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ungacinga ukuba i-output current ebalwe apha incinci ngendlela emangalisayo. Eli lixabiso langoku elisenokukhutshwa ngokuthembekileyo emva kokuqwalasela ukonakala kwe-LED ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngoko ke lingaphantsi komlinganiselo ophezulu.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kukho iimeko apho umsinga wokukhupha ungekho mkhulu. Ke ngoko, xa ukhetha i-optocoupler, qiniseka ukuba uyijonga ngononophelo "umsinga wokukhupha" kwaye ukhethe imveliso ehambelana nayo.
③ Ubuninzi bamandla angoku
Umsinga wokuqhuba ophezulu lixabiso eliphezulu langoku elinokumelana ne-optocoupler xa liqhuba. Kwakhona, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba siyazi ukuba iprojekthi ifuna imveliso engakanani kunye nokuba ingakanani i-input voltage ngaphambi kokuba sithenge. Qinisekisa ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu kunye nomsinga osetyenzisiweyo azikho imida, kodwa kukho umda othile.
④ Seta i-photocoupler ngokuchanekileyo
Ekubeni sikhethe i-optocoupler efanelekileyo, masiyisebenzise kwiprojekthi yokwenyani. Ukufakela ngokwayo kulula, qhagamshela nje iiterminals eziqhagamshelwe kwisekethe nganye yecala lokufaka kunye nesekethe yecala lokukhupha. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka ulumke ungaphazamisi icala lokufaka kunye necala lokukhupha. Ke ngoko, kufuneka ujonge iimpawu ezikwitheyibhile yedatha, ukuze ungafumani ukuba unyawo lwe-photoelectric coupler alulunganga emva kokuzoba ibhodi ye-PCB.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Julayi-29-2023