Isishwankathelo somgca we-optics kunye ne-nonlinear

Isishwankathelo somgca we-optics kunye ne-nonlinear optics

Ngokusekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kokukhanya kunye nomcimbi, i-optics inokwahlulwa ibe yi-linear optics (LO) kunye ne-nonlinear optics (NLO). I-Linear optics (LO) sisiseko se-classical optics, sigxininise ekusebenzisaneni komgca wokukhanya. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-nonlinear optics (NLO) iyenzeka xa ukukhanya kokukhanya kungalingani ngokuthe ngqo kwimpendulo ye-optical yezinto eziphathekayo, ngakumbi phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu ze-glare, ezifana ne-lasers.

I-Linear Optics (LO)
Kwi-LO, ukukhanya kusebenzisana ne-matter kwi-low intensity, ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ifoton enye nge-athomu okanye i-molecule. Oku kusebenzisana kubangela ukuphazamiseka okuncinci kwe-atomic okanye i-molecular state, ehlala kwindawo yayo yendalo, engaphazamisekiyo. Umgaqo osisiseko kwi-LO kukuba i-dipole eyenziwa yintsimi yombane ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo namandla entsimi. Ke ngoko, i-LO iyanelisa imigaqo ye-superposition kunye nokongeza. Umgaqo we-superposition uthi xa inkqubo iphantsi kwamaza ombane ombane amaninzi, impendulo iyonke ilingana nesimbuku seempendulo zomntu ngamnye kumaza ombane. Ukudibanisa ngokufanayo kubonisa ukuba impendulo epheleleyo yenkqubo ye-optical eyinkimbinkimbi inokumiselwa ngokudibanisa iimpendulo zezinto zayo ezizimeleyo. I-Linearity kwi-LO ithetha ukuba ukuziphatha kokukhanya kusoloko njengoko ukuguquka kokuqina - isiphumo silingana negalelo. Ukongeza, kwi-LO, akukho ukuxubana kwamaza, ngoko ke ukukhanya okudlula kwinkqubo enjalo kugcina i-frequency yayo nokuba idlula ukukhulisa okanye ukuguqulwa kwesigaba. Imizekelo ye-LO ibandakanya ukusebenzisana kokukhanya kunye nezinto ezisisiseko ze-optical ezifana neelensi, izibuko, iipleyiti zamaza, kunye ne-diffraction gratings.

I-Nonlinear Optics (NLO)
I-NLO iyahlukaniswa ngokuphendula kwayo okungahambiyo ekukhanyeni okunamandla, ngakumbi phantsi kweemeko eziphakamileyo eziphezulu apho imveliso ingahambelani namandla egalelo. Kwi-NLO, ii-photons ezininzi zidibanisa kunye nezinto eziphathekayo ngexesha elifanayo, okubangelwa ukuxuba ukukhanya kunye noshintsho kwi-index refractive. Ngokungafaniyo ne-LO, apho ukuziphatha okukhanyayo kuhlala kungaguquguquki nokuba kungakanani na, iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga zibonakala kuphela kukukhanya okugqithisileyo. Ngobu bunzima, imithetho ehlala ilawula ukusebenzisana kokukhanya, njengomgaqo we-superposition, ayisasebenzi, kwaye i-vacuum ngokwayo inokuziphatha ngokungaqhelekanga. Ukungahambelani kwentsebenziswano phakathi kokukhanya kunye nomcimbi kuvumela intsebenziswano phakathi kweefrikhwensi ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya, okukhokelela kwiziganeko ezifana nokuveliswa kwe-harmonic, kunye ne-sum and difference frequency generation. Ukongezelela, i-optics engabonakaliyo ibandakanya iinkqubo zeparametric apho amandla okukhanya asasazwa khona ukuvelisa ama-frequencies amatsha, njengoko kubonwa kwi-parametric amplification kunye ne-oscillation. Enye into ebalulekileyo yi-self-phase modulation, apho isigaba samaza okukhanya sitshintshwa ngamandla aso - umphumo odlala indima ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwe-optical.

Ukusebenzisana okukhanyayo kwi-optics ecacileyo kunye ne-nonlinear
Kwi-LO, xa ukukhanya kuhambelana nezinto eziphathekayo, impendulo yezinto eziphathekayo ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nobukhulu bokukhanya. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-NLO ibandakanya izinto ezingaphenduliyo kuphela kubukhulu bokukhanya, kodwa nangeendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Xa ukukhanya okuphezulu kubetha into engabonakaliyo, kunokuvelisa imibala emitsha okanye ukutshintsha ukukhanya ngeendlela ezingaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, ukukhanya okubomvu kunokuguqulwa kube kukukhanya okuluhlaza ngenxa yokuba impendulo yemathiriyeli ibandakanya okungaphezulu nje kotshintsho olulungeleleneyo - inokubandakanya ukuphinda-phinda kabini okanye okunye ukusebenzisana okuntsokothileyo. Oku kuziphatha kukhokelela kwiseti enzima yeziphumo ze-optical ezingabonakali kwizinto eziqhelekileyo zomgca.

Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezicacileyo kunye nezingahambelaniyo
I-LO igubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwetekhnoloji ye-optical esetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kubandakanywa iilensi, izibuko, iipleyiti zamaza, kunye ne-diffraction gratings. Ibonelela ngesakhelo esilula kunye nesilungelelanisiweyo sokuqonda ukuziphatha kokukhanya kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokukhanya. Izixhobo ezifana ne-phase shifters kunye ne-beam splitters zihlala zisetyenziswa kwi-LO, kwaye intsimi iye yavela kwindawo apho iisekethe ze-LO ziye zafumana ukugqwesa. Ezi sekethe ngoku zibonwa njengezixhobo zokusebenza ezininzi, kunye nezicelo kwiindawo ezifana ne-microwave kunye ne-quantum optical signal processing kunye ne-emerging computing architectures ye-bioheuristic. I-NLO yintsha ngokwentelekiso kwaye itshintshe iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ngezicelo zayo ezahlukeneyo. Kwintsimi yezonxibelelwano, idlala indima ephambili kwiinkqubo ze-fiber optic, ezichaphazela imida yokuhanjiswa kwedatha njengoko amandla e-laser enyuka. Izixhobo zokuhlalutya zixhamla kwi-NLO ngokusebenzisa ubuchule obuphambili be-microscopy njenge-confocal microscopy, ebonelela ngesisombululo esiphezulu, ukucinga kwendawo. I-NLO iphinda iphucule ii-lasers ngokwenza ukuba kuphuhliswe iilaser ezintsha kunye nokuguqula iipropathi zamehlo. Kwakhona kuye kwaphucula ubuchule bokucinga be-optical wokusetyenziswa kwamachiza ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-second-harmonic generation kunye ne-photon fluorescence ezimbini. Kwi-biophotonics, i-NLO iququzelela ukucinga okunzulu kwezicubu ezinomonakalo omncinci kwaye ibonelela ngokubhala ngokungafaniyo kwamachiza e-biochemical. Intsimi inetekhnoloji ye-terahertz ehambele phambili, eyenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuvelisa iipulses ze-terahertz zexesha elinye. Kwi-quantum optics, iziphumo ezingezona zomgca ziququzelela unxibelelwano lwe-quantum ngokulungiselela abaguquli be-frequency kunye ne-photon entangled equivalents. Ukongeza, izinto ezintsha ze-NLO eBrillouin zokusasaza zincede ngokulungiswa kwe-microwave kunye nokudibanisa kwesigaba sokukhanya. Ngokubanzi, i-NLO iyaqhubeka nokutyhala imida yetekhnoloji kunye nophando kuzo zonke iinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

I-Optics ye-linear kunye ne-nonlinear kunye neempembelelo zabo kubuchwepheshe obuphambili
I-Optics idlala indima ephambili kuzo zombini izicelo zemihla ngemihla kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili. I-LO ibonelela ngesiseko seenkqubo ezininzi ze-optical eziqhelekileyo, ngelixa i-NLO iqhuba izinto ezintsha kwiindawo ezifana ne-telecommunications, microscopy, i-laser technology, kunye ne-biophotonics. Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje kwi-NLO, ngakumbi njengoko ihambelana nemathiriyeli enomacala amabini, ifumene ingqwalasela enkulu ngenxa yezicelo zabo ezinokubakho kwimizi-mveliso neyenzululwazi. Izazinzulu zikwaphonononga izixhobo zale mihla ezinje ngamachaphaza e-quantum ngohlalutyo olulandelelanayo lweepropathi ezinomgca kunye nezingahambelaniyo. Njengoko uphando luqhubela phambili, ukuqonda okudibeneyo kwe-LO kunye ne-NLO kubaluleke kakhulu ekutyhaleni imida yethekhinoloji kunye nokwandisa okunokwenzeka kwisayensi ye-optical science.