I-Laser ibhekisa kwinkqubo kunye nesixhobo sokuvelisa ukukhanya okudityanisiweyo, okudityanisiweyo, okuhambelanayo, okuhambelanayo ngokukhulisa iradiation kunye nengxelo eyimfuneko. Ngokusisiseko, ukuveliswa kwelaser kufuna izinto ezintathu: “iresonator,” “isixhobo sokuzuza,” kunye “nomthombo wokumpompa.”
A. Umgaqo
Imo yentshukumo yeathom inokohlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla, kwaye xa iathom iguquka ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla, ikhupha iifotoni zamandla ahambelanayo (ebizwa ngokuba yimitha ezenzekelayo). Ngokufanayo, xa i-photon isiganeko kwisistim somgangatho wamandla kwaye ifakwe kuyo, iya kubangela ukuba i-athomu iguquke ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla (okubizwa ngokuba yi-excited absorption); Emva koko, ezinye iiathom ezitshintshela kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla ziya kutshintshela kumanqanaba asezantsi amandla kwaye zikhuphe iifotoni (ebizwa ngokuba yi-radiation evuselelweyo). Ezi ntshukumo azenzeki zodwa, kodwa zihlala zihambelana. Xa sidala imeko, njengokusebenzisa i-medium efanelekileyo, i-resonator, intsimi yombane yangaphandle eyaneleyo, i-radiation evuselelweyo iyandiswa ukuze ngaphezu kokuxutywa okukhuthazwayo, ngoko ngokubanzi, kuya kubakho iifotoni ezikhutshwayo, okubangela ukukhanya kwe-laser.
B. Ukuhlelwa
Ngokwe-medium evelisa i-laser, i-laser inokohlulwa ibe yi-laser engamanzi, i-laser yegesi kunye ne-laser eqinile. Ngoku eyona laser semiconductor ixhaphakileyo luhlobo lwe-laser eqinileyo.
C. Ukuqulunqwa
Uninzi lweelaser zenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: inkqubo yokuvuselela, imathiriyeli yelaser kunye neresonator yamehlo. Iinkqubo zokuvuselela zizixhobo ezivelisa ukukhanya, umbane okanye amandla ekhemikhali. Okwangoku, eyona ndlela yokukhuthaza esetyenziswayo kukukhanya, umbane okanye ukusabela kweekhemikhali. Izinto zeLaser zizinto ezinokuvelisa ukukhanya kwelaser, njengerubhi, iglasi yeberyllium, igesi yeneon, isemiconductors, idayi eziphilayo, njl. njl. ye laser.
D. Isicelo
I-Laser isetyenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulu unxibelelwano lwefayibha, i-laser, ukusika i-laser, izixhobo ze-laser, i-laser disc njalo njalo.
E. Imbali
Kwi-1958, izazinzulu zaseMelika u-Xiaoluo kunye ne-Townes bafumanisa into engummangaliso: xa bebeka ukukhanya okukhutshwe yi-bulb yangaphakathi kwi-crystal yomhlaba enqabileyo, iimolekyuli ze-crystal ziya kukhupha ukukhanya, rhoqo kunye nokukhanya okunamandla. Ngokwale nto, bacebise "umgaqo we-laser", oko kukuthi, xa i-substance ivuyiswa ngamandla afanayo njenge-oscillation frequency yendalo yeemolekyuli zayo, iya kuvelisa oku kukhanya okunamandla okungahlukaniyo - i-laser. Bafumana amaphepha abalulekileyo oku.
Emva kokupapashwa kweziphumo zophando zeScolo neTownes, izazinzulu ezisuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo zacebisa amacebo okulinga awahlukeneyo, kodwa awazange aphumelele. NgoMeyi 15, 1960, uMayman, isazinzulu eHughes Laboratory eCarlifonia, wabhengeza ukuba ufumene i-laser enobude obuyi-0.6943 microns, eyayiyilaser yokuqala eyafunyanwa ngabantu, kwaye ke uMayman waba sisazinzulu sokuqala emhlabeni. ukwazisa iilaser kwintsimi ephathekayo.
NgoJulayi 7, 1960, uMayman wabhengeza ukuzalwa kwelaser yokuqala yehlabathi, iskimu sikaMayman kukusebenzisa ityhubhu enobushushu obuphezulu ukuvuselela iiathom zechromium kwikristale yerubhi, ngaloo ndlela kuvelisa ikholamu yokukhanya ebomvu egxile kakhulu, xa igxothwa. kwinqanaba elithile, inokufikelela kubushushu obuphezulu kunobuso belanga.
Isazinzulu saseSoviet u-H.Γ Basov wenza i-laser semiconductor ngo-1960. Ulwakhiwo lwe-laser ye-semiconductor ludla ngokuqulunqwa ngumaleko we-P, umaleko we-N kunye nomaleko osebenzayo owenza i-heterojunction ephindwe kabini. Iimpawu zayo zezi: ubungakanani obuncinci, ukusebenza kakuhle kokudibanisa, isantya sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, ubude be-wavelength kunye nobukhulu obuhambelana nobukhulu befiber optical, bunokuguqulwa ngokuthe ngqo, ukuhambelana kakuhle.
Isithandathu, ezinye zezona zikhokelo zokusetyenziswa kwelaser
F. Laser unxibelelwano
Ukusebenzisa ukukhanya ukuhambisa ulwazi kuxhaphake kakhulu namhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, iinqanawa zisebenzisa izibane ukuze zinxibelelane, yaye iirobhothi zisebenzisa umbala obomvu, omthubi noluhlaza. Kodwa zonke ezi ndlela zokudlulisa ulwazi kusetyenziswa ukukhanya okuqhelekileyo zinokulinganiselwa kuphela kumgama omfutshane. Ukuba ufuna ukuhambisa ulwazi ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo ezikude ngokukhanya, awukwazi ukusebenzisa ukukhanya okuqhelekileyo, kodwa sebenzisa iilaser kuphela.
Ke uyihambisa njani i-laser? Siyazi ukuba umbane unokuthuthwa ngeengcingo zobhedu, kodwa ukukhanya akukwazi ukuthwala ngeengcingo eziqhelekileyo zentsimbi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izazinzulu ziye zenza umcu okwazi ukuhambisa ukukhanya, obizwa ngokuba yi<em>optical fiber, ekuthiwa yi<em>fiber. Ifiber ye-Optical yenziwe ngezinto ezikhethekileyo zeglasi, ububanzi buncinci kuneenwele zomntu, ngokuqhelekileyo i-50 ukuya kwi-150 microns, kwaye ithambile kakhulu.
Enyanisweni, i-core yangaphakathi yefiber yi-high refractive index ye-glass optical ebonakalayo, kwaye i-coat yangaphandle yenziwe ngeglasi ephantsi ye-refractive index okanye iplastiki. Ulwakhiwo olunjalo, kwelinye icala, lunokwenza ukuba ukukhanya kuguqulwe kumbindi wangaphakathi, njengamanzi aqukuqela phambili kumbhobho wamanzi, umbane ogqithiselwa phambili ngocingo, nokuba amawaka eejiji kunye nokujika awanasiphumo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-low-refractive index coating inokuthintela ukukhanya ekuphumeni, njengokuba umbhobho wamanzi ungangeni kwaye i-insulation layer yocingo ayiqhubi umbane.
Ukubonakala kwefiber optical isombulula indlela yokudlulisa ukukhanya, kodwa akuthethi ukuba kunye nayo, naluphi na ukukhanya kunokudluliselwa kude kakhulu. Ukukhanya okuphezulu kuphela, umbala osulungekileyo, i-laser eyalatha kakuhle, ngowona mthombo wokukhanya ufanelekileyo wokuhambisa ulwazi, igalelo lisuka kwelinye icala lefiber, phantse akukho lahleko kunye nesiphumo ukusuka kwelinye icala. Ke ngoko, unxibelelwano lwamehlo lunxibelelwano lwelaser, olunoncedo lomthamo omkhulu, umgangatho ophezulu, umthombo obanzi wezinto eziphathekayo, imfihlo eyomeleleyo, ukuqina, njl. njl., kwaye inconywa zizazinzulu njengenguqu kwinkalo yonxibelelwano, kwaye yenye. ezona mpumelelo ziqaqambileyo kutshintsho lobuchwepheshe.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-29-2023