I-laser ibhekisa kwinkqubo kunye nesixhobo sokuvelisa imitha yokukhanya edibeneyo, enombala omnye, ngokusebenzisa i-radiation amplification ekhuthazwayo kunye nempendulo efunekayo. Ngokusisiseko, ukuveliswa kwe-laser kufuna izinto ezintathu: "i-resonator," "i-gain medium," kunye "nomthombo wokupompa."
A. Umgaqo
Imeko yokuhamba kweathom inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla, kwaye xa iathom itshintsha ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla, ikhupha ii-photon zamandla ahambelanayo (oko kuthiwa yi-radiation ezenzekelayo). Ngokufanayo, xa i-photon isenzeka kwinkqubo yenqanaba lamandla kwaye ifunxwe yiyo, iya kubangela ukuba iathom itshintshe ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla (oko kuthiwa yi-excited absorption); Emva koko, ezinye zeeathom ezitshintshela kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla ziya kutshintshela kumanqanaba aphantsi amandla kwaye zikhuphe ii-photon (oko kuthiwa yi-stimulated radiation). Ezi ntshukumo azenzeki zodwa, kodwa zihlala zihambelana. Xa sidala imeko, njengokusebenzisa i-medium efanelekileyo, i-resonator, intsimi yombane yangaphandle eyaneleyo, i-radiation evuselelweyo iyandiswa ukuze ngaphezu kwe-stimulated absorption, ngoko ngokubanzi, kuya kubakho ii-photon ezikhutshwayo, okubangela ukukhanya kwe-laser.
B. Udidi
Ngokwendlela evelisa i-laser, i-laser inokwahlulwa ibe yi-laser engamanzi, i-laser yegesi kunye ne-laser eqinileyo. Ngoku i-laser ye-semiconductor eqhelekileyo luhlobo lwe-laser ye-solid-state.
C. Ukwakhiwa
Uninzi lweelaser zenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: inkqubo yokuvuselela, izinto zelaser kunye ne-optical resonator. Iinkqubo zokuvuselela zizixhobo ezivelisa amandla okukhanya, ombane okanye amakhemikhali. Okwangoku, iindlela eziphambili zokukhuthaza ezisetyenziswayo kukukhanya, umbane okanye i-chemical reaction. Izinto zelaser zizinto ezinokuvelisa ukukhanya kwelaser, njengeerubhi, iglasi yeberyllium, igesi ye-neon, ii-semiconductors, iidayi ze-organic, njl. Indima yolawulo lwe-optical resonance kukuphucula ukukhanya kwelaser ephumayo, ukulungisa nokukhetha ubude be-wavelength kunye necala lelaser.
D. Isicelo
I-laser isetyenziswa kakhulu, ikakhulu unxibelelwano lwefayibha, ukwahlulahlula nge-laser, ukusika nge-laser, izixhobo ze-laser, idiski ye-laser njalo njalo.
Imbali ye-E.
Ngo-1958, izazinzulu zaseMelika uXiaoluo noTownes bafumanisa into yomlingo: xa bebeka ukukhanya okukhutshwa yibhalbhu yokukhanya yangaphakathi kwikristale yomhlaba ongaqhelekanga, iimolekyuli zekristale ziya kukhupha ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okuhlala kuhlangene kunye. Ngokwale nto, bacebisa "umgaqo welaser", oko kukuthi, xa into ivuselelwa ngamandla afanayo ne-frequency yendalo ye-oscillation yeemolekyuli zayo, iya kuvelisa oku kukhanya kunamandla okungahlukaniyo - i-laser. Bafumene amaphepha abalulekileyo oku.
Emva kokupapashwa kweziphumo zophando lukaScolo noTownes, izazinzulu ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo zacebisa izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo, kodwa azizange ziphumelele. Ngomhla we-15 kuMeyi 1960, uMayman, isazinzulu kwiHughes Laboratory eCalifornia, wabhengeza ukuba ufumene ilaser enobude bomphezulu obuyi-0.6943 microns, eyayiyeyona laser yokuqala eyafunyanwa ngabantu, kwaye ngaloo ndlela uMayman waba yisazinzulu sokuqala ehlabathini ukwazisa ilaser kwicandelo elisebenzayo.
Ngomhla wesi-7 kweyeKhala ngo-1960, uMayman wabhengeza ukuzalwa kwelaser yokuqala ehlabathini, icebo likaMayman kukusebenzisa ityhubhu yeflash enamandla aphezulu ukuvuselela iiathom zechromium kwikristale yeruby, ngaloo ndlela ivelisa ikholamu yokukhanya ebomvu exineneyo kakhulu, xa idutyulwa kwindawo ethile, inokufikelela kubushushu obuphezulu kunomphezulu welanga.
Isazinzulu saseSoviet uH.Γ Basov wasungula i-semiconductor laser ngo-1960. Ulwakhiwo lwe-semiconductor laser ludla ngokwenziwa yi-P layer, i-N layer kunye ne-active layer ezenza i-double heterojunction. Iimpawu zayo zezi: ubungakanani obuncinci, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-coupling, isantya sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, ubude be-wavelength kunye nobukhulu obuhambelana nobukhulu be-optical fiber, bunokuguqulwa ngokuthe ngqo, buhambelana kakuhle.
Ezintandathu, ezinye zezona ndlela ziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwelaser
F. Unxibelelwano lweLaser
Ukusebenzisa ukukhanya ukuhambisa ulwazi kuxhaphake kakhulu namhlanje. Umzekelo, iinqanawa zisebenzisa izibane ukunxibelelana, kwaye izibane zendlela zisebenzisa umbala obomvu, otyheli, noluhlaza. Kodwa zonke ezi ndlela zokudlulisa ulwazi zisebenzisa ukukhanya okuqhelekileyo zinokukhawulelwa kuphela kumgama omfutshane. Ukuba ufuna ukuhambisa ulwazi ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo ezikude ngokukhanya, awunakusebenzisa ukukhanya okuqhelekileyo, kodwa sebenzisa iilaser kuphela.
Ngoko ke uyihambisa njani i-laser? Siyazi ukuba umbane unokuthwalwa ngeentambo zobhedu, kodwa ukukhanya akunakuthwalwa ngeentambo zesinyithi eziqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, izazinzulu ziye zavelisa i-filament enokudlulisa ukukhanya, ebizwa ngokuba yi-optical fiber, ebizwa ngokuba yi-fiber. I-optical fiber yenziwe ngezinto ezikhethekileyo zeglasi, ububanzi bayo buncinci kuneenwele zomntu, zihlala ziyi-50 ukuya kwi-150 microns, kwaye zithambile kakhulu.
Enyanisweni, umbindi wangaphakathi wefayibha yi-refractive index ephezulu yeglasi ebonakalayo ecacileyo, kwaye umbambo wangaphandle wenziwe ngeglasi okanye iplastiki esezantsi enokurhawuzelelwa. Ulwakhiwo olunjalo, kwelinye icala, lunokwenza ukukhanya kurhawuzelelwe ecaleni kombindi wangaphakathi, njengamanzi ahamba phambili kumbhobho wamanzi, umbane odluliselwa phambili kwintambo, nokuba amawaka eenguqu kunye nokujika awanampembelelo. Kwelinye icala, umbambo we-refractive index ophantsi unokuthintela ukukhanya ekuphumeni, kanye njengokuba umbhobho wamanzi ungangeni kwaye umaleko wobushushu wentambo awuhambisi umbane.
Ukubonakala kwefayibha ye-optical kusombulula indlela yokudlulisa ukukhanya, kodwa akuthethi ukuba ngayo, naluphi na ukukhanya kunokudluliselwa kude kakhulu. Kuphela ukukhanya okuphezulu, umbala ococekileyo, i-laser elungileyo ekhokelayo, yeyona mthombo wokukhanya ofanelekileyo wokudlulisa ulwazi, isuka kwelinye icala lefayibha, phantse akukho lahleko kunye nemveliso evela kwelinye icala. Ke ngoko, unxibelelwano lwe-optical ngokuyintloko lunxibelelwano lwe-laser, olunezibonelelo zomthamo omkhulu, umgangatho ophezulu, umthombo obanzi wezinto, ubumfihlo obuqinileyo, ukuqina, njl.njl., kwaye idunyiswa zizazinzulu njengotshintsho kwicandelo lonxibelelwano, kwaye yenye yezona mpumelelo zibalaseleyo kuguquko lobuchwepheshe.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-29-2023