Isebenzisa inkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngeproton ephucukileyo, enelahleko ephantsi yokufaka, i-modulation bandwidth ephezulu, i-half-wave voltage ephantsi, kunye nezinye iimpawu, ikakhulu ezisetyenziselwa inkqubo yonxibelelwano lwendawo, isiseko sexesha le-atom ye-cesium, izixhobo zokuvelisa ipulse, i-quantum optics, kunye nezinye iinkalo. .