I-modulator yesigaba se-LiNbO3 isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-high-speed optical communication system, i-laser sensing kunye ne-ROF systems ngenxa ye-electro-optic effect. Uluhlu lwe-R-PM olusekelwe kwi-Ti-diffused kunye ne-APE iteknoloji, ineempawu ezizinzileyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali, ezinokuhlangabezana nemfuneko yezicelo ezininzi kwiimvavanyo zebhubhoratri kunye neenkqubo zoshishino.